Guide to Scientific Referencing

Referencing books and popular journals. Examples:

1. Eric Partride, Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English, 6th ed. (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1965), p. 357.
2. Excepted from The Star Thrower by Loren Eiseley (Random House, New York 1978), pp. 221-223.
3. Based on an illustration in Barbara E. Brown and John C. Ogden, "Coral Bleaching," Scientific American (January 1993), p. 144.

NOTES on book and popular journal references:

1. There are commas between author and book title and, if necessary, edition.
2. The book/journal title is in italics (if word processor permits).
3. A period terminates the reference.
4. For books, the publisher, city, and year of publication -- separated by commas -- are in parentheses. No comma precedes the left parenthesis. The right parenthesis is followed by either a period or a comma and relevant page(s). [A single page is denoted by "p."; more than one page by "pp.".]
5. For multiply referencing same work, see bottom of the page of common abbreviations.

Referencing scientific journals. Examples:

4. Francis L. W. Ratnicks, and P. Kirk Visscher, "Worker Policies in the Honeybee," Nature 342, 796-797 (1989).
5. Adapted from Figure 5 in Apostolos P. Georgopoulos, et al., "Mental Rotation of the Neuronal Population Vector," Science 243, 234-236 (1989).

NOTES on scientific journal references:

• Commas follow each author, article title and the volume number.
• A period terminates the reference.
• The journal title is in italics (if word processor permits).
• The journal volume is in boldface (if word processor permits).
• In there are more than three authors, it is permissible to cite only the first author followed by "et al.,". (Note there *no* period after "et" [it means and in Latin] and there is a period after "al" [it is an abbreviation for alia -- others in Latin]. The comma is the comma separating authors from the title.)

Referencing the internet.

1. Individual works

   Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

   Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

   Examples:

   Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available: Oxford UP [1995, May 27].

   T. J. Pritzker (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].
   => Write "No date" when the electronic publication date is not available.
   => When citing information retrieved on the WWW, don't repeat the protocol (HTTP, FTP, etc.) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
    
   

2. Parts of Work

   Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

   Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

   Examples:

   Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia [Online]. Available: Dow Jones News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June 5].
   => This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
    
   R. T. Daniel (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online: Macropaedia [Online]. Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:- DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [1995, June 14].
   => When citing information retrieved on the WWW, don't repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
   => Note: hyphenation after g/:
    
   
3. Discussion List Messages

   Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: Discussion list@e-mail address [Access date].

   Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].

   Examples:

   RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu [1995, April 1].
   => Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.

   Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-llog9504A [1995, August 1].
   => Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.
    
   

4. E-mail: Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month day). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address)

   Examples:

   Martha Day (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). (1995, July 30). Review of film Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu).

Referencing comics.

• Full article
• short version, posted only if the original is inaccessible.